social constructivism international relations

Nonetheless, constructivist approaches to identity, norms, and ideas about the world and its social relations can impact understandings of what it means to be secure. The essay proceeds by first describing the initial establishment of constructivist norms research and critiques that flowed from the original choices made. 219227). Some scholars have sought a way through or out of the logic of appropriateness/logic of consequences debate by following March and Olsens (1998) suggestions about scrutinizing the relationship between the logics, especially possible temporal sequencing of the logics, theorizing that sometimes actors calculate optimal material courses and at others they reason about their normative/identity obligations (Shannon 2000; Nielson, Tierney, and Weaver 2006; see Muller 2004 for a caution on this synthesis strategy). 317356). I would like to thank Alice Ba, Robert Denemark, Phil Triadafilopoulos, and the anonymous reviewer for their helpful discussions and suggestions on this essay. During the First World War, Belgium, driven by a sense of honor, chose to fight Germany even though the Belgians risked and experienced catastrophic consequences (Steele 2008b). Constructivism focuses on Norms, Ideas, and behaviors in order to understand how IR works and why people do what they do. Baumann, M. (2022). Pouliot and Adler draw on Bourdieu to develop a logic of practice and Hopf devised a logic of habit to reflect these concerns. An alternative set of norm dynamics may be implicated when one seeks to understand change in norms themselves. Constructivist security studies: Portrait of a research program. (3) Normative emergence how an idea reaches intersubjective status in a community. The way in which issues are constructed and interpreted as threatening can also depend heavily on identity and views of the external realm. Psychology and Constructivism in International Relations: An Ideational Alliance. An example of this can be seen in the case of the International Criminal Court (ICC), which was created in 2002 to hear cases of war crimes. From this mainly structural perspective, social norms were conceptualized as an alternative to rationalist/materialist variables in explanations of world politics. This had some success. Rather the controversies mainly focus on how far one can push one logic of action to account for observable practices and which logic dominates a given situation. Conventional constructivists like Wendt see similarities between constructivism and rationalist perspectives and methodologies. Mitzen, J. The Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink volume developed the spiral model that explained socialization of recalcitrant Southern states into universal human rights norms by referring to the linkages between and actions of transnational human rights activists, domestic human rights activists in the target state, and powerful Western state sponsors. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The ability to apprehend what is going on inside actors heads to understand motivations and interpretations is currently a matter for debate (Cederman and Daase 2003; Jackson 2004; Wendt 2004; Krebs and Jackson 2007) but, that debate notwithstanding, the notion that different actors within the same normative community i.e., a group structured by the same norm(s) could have different and contested understandings of that norm is at the foundation of the recent work on norm contestation. If any further proof were needed for the continuing rise to fame of constructivism in International Relations, this would be it . Project MUSE promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars . Table of Contents; Introduction to Social Constructivism: Rise of Social Constructivism in IR: Constructivism as social theory: Constructivist theories of International Relations: Tannenwald, N. (2018). By Fizza Hameed Khan, Mahnoor Iqbal, Malaika Shahbaz, Sidra Noor, Raniya Ishtiaq. Manchester: Manchester University Press. More recent constructivist norms scholarship has revisited this perspective on social norms, positing a different set of normative dynamics more focused on contestation over social norms. Constructivism is the claim that significant aspects of international relations are historically and socially contingent (subject to change), rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or other essential characteristics of world politics. Studies of norm diffusion or spread moved constructivists into the area of socialization. Klotz (1995), for instance, chronicled how the anti-apartheid norm shaped the expectations and actions of the US towards South Africa in the 1980s. Likewise, understanding sovereignty means recognizing the principle of non-interference in another states internal affairs, recognition of a state as an entity and associated rights that come with that: all states recognize each other as sovereign, despite the huge differences in their ability to exert internal control and exercise international power (Farrell 2002, p. 54; Wendt 1992; Hopf 1998). Initial constructivist studies of social norms generally clustered into three areas. The development of and debate over logics of behavior is the foundation of the reasoning about normsreasoning through norms spectrum. The second is compliance or diffusion actors from different normative communities seek to enlarge their communities or to hold on to extant norms in the face of external normative challenges and disputes that arise can lead to normative change in both communities. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. In more historical examples, states that chose neutrality during times of war did so against strong material factors that would have potentially granted them safety and survival had they opted to join one side or the other. But we dont call it torture! Contestation over variants of universal participation then had significant impact on the evolution of the universal participation norm and climate governance outcomes. Constructivism demonstrates the flexibility and critical stance that characterizes the reflectivist theories by stressing the socially constructed aspect of international realities and highlighting the ever-changing nature of the study of International Relations. The simplification of social norm dynamics at the foundation of the initial wave of constructivist norms writing contributed to the meteoric rise of social constructivism within the international relations literature. Its value also depends on the market, so it can go up and down, or buy more or fewer things, dependent on inflation, and other variables. Advance of Theory of Constructivism in IR The theory's rise is generally attributed after the end of cold war . London: Routledge. The study and practice of international relations has led international relations scholars to suggest different . (A vital critique of conventional constructivism that uses the case study of Germany and the debates to join in military interventions outside the NATO area). (1996). Alexander Wendt's Social Theory of International Politics has been predicted to gain a status similar to that which Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics is thought to have enjoyed in the 1980s. At the core of social constructivism is the idea that international politics and indeed human relations are socially constructed rather than given. Its core ideas are based around three ontological positions relating to identity, ideas, and mutual constitution. Its 1999 Strategic Concept altered the organization from a Cold War alliance to something more akin to Deutschs idea of a security community that was based on common values, norms, and identity, making democracy and human rights central. What is the main argument of constructivism? A paradox of social norms is their dual quality. But for constructivists, it is social structure that is important (Farrell 2002, p. 52). Mlksoo, M. (2018). But a constructivist reading of the Melian Dialogue (Lebow 2001) shows how ideas rather than material factors played a role in the decision of the Melians, even if the outcome was grim (Agius 2006). Adler, E., & Barnett, M. The main two paradigms is the Realists and the Liberalist school of thoughts. ), The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics (pp. Even studies of norm emergence tended to treat the norms in question as relatively static one relatively fully formed norm is replaced by a new idea that becomes a norm. Guzzini, S. (2005). The strategic cultures of states are not the same: they are guided by perceptions, beliefs, ideas and norms that determine how states view the international system and how they use military force and priorities (Neumann and Heikka 2005, p. 6). This analytic move facilitated conversation and competition with rational/material theoretical competitors. Interpreting the impact of a norm. Social constructivism emerged out of key debates in international relations theory in the 1980s concerned with agents and structures and has come to be seen as the fourth debate in international relations theorizing, which pitches constructivist against rationalist perspectives (Fierke and Jrgensen 2001, p. 3). While constructivism has made significant inroads into IR theorizing, it does not mean that it is unproblematic or immune from criticism. Chapter 4 Constructivism and Interpretive Theory CCRAIGPARSONS [A constructivist argument claims tear people do one thing and not anurher due co the presence of certain social construct ideas, belies, noms, idenies, or some other iterpreuire fer through which people perceive the wood. Constructivism is based on the general notion that international relations are socially constructed. (Eds.). Adler, E. (1997). Constructivism in international relations: The politics of reality. What if anarchy was not a given condition that ordered world politics? This has led the constructivist literature away from Keohanes (1988) original vision of a division of labor constructivists provide insight into what the interests are, rational approaches take the analysis from there (Legro 1996). Giddens (1984:22) argued that social rules do not specify all the situations which an actor might meet with, nor could [they] do so; rather, [they] provide for the generalized capacity to respond to and influence an indeterminate range of social circumstances. Until recently this insight was often bracketed and it was assumed that norm acceptors follow the norms that structure their community relatively unproblematically. Hoffmann (2005) employs insights from the study of complex adaptation to understand how states that all accepted the norm of universal participation in climate governance came to have different subjective understandings of that norm. [1] [2] [3] The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. The irreducible core of constructivism for international relations is the recognition that international reality is socially constructed. The goal was to show how a target behavior can be accounted by considering the ideational context, how ideas and norms constitute interests, or how social norms influence actors understandings of the material world. van Meegdenburg, H. (2019). According to this approach, the behaviour of humans is determined by their identity, which itself is shaped by society's values, history, practices, and institutions. Issues such as those discussed immediately above raise the third criticism about constructivism, that "a weak or at least a controversial epistemology has become the basis for a strong pedagogic policy" (Phillips 1995, p. 11)).The primary influence underpinning much of the theoretical commitments of constructivist pedagogy was a highly influential paper written by Posner et al. This aspect of the literature is more focused on how actors understand the norms that constitute them and alternatively consider how actors that reason through norms can contest and reconstruct the norms that bind communities together. In this regard, although posited by Wendt as a via media (1992, 1999) or middle ground (Adler 1997) with rationalism, constructivism offers a different view of key concepts like power. Introduction: Reconstructing epistemic communities. Likewise, culture plays a significant role in international security. Instead, attempts at synthesis of constructivism and rationalism are now en vogue (e.g., Fearon and Wendt 2001; Schimmelfennig 2001, 2005; Checkel and Zurn 2005; Kornprobst 2007; Culpepper 2008; Kelley 2008). In A. M. Sookermany (Ed. Not all states interpret power in the material or hierarchical sense. (2008a). Power in the constructivist sense is less concerned with material power but sees ideas and discourses as powerful; power can be exercised in different ways. Doing so has opened up the field to bring in different explanations of global politics that can delve deeper into how culture and identity play a role in determining state interests. These studies were inclined to treat social norms as independent variables and show how some political behavior is made possible or constrained by such ideational factors (e.g., Barkin and Cronin 1994; Klotz 1995; Finnemore 1996, 2003; Katzenstein 1996; Legro 1996; Price 1997; Tannenwald 1999). While constructivists know that social norms are always being reconstituted in the dynamic interplay of agents and social structures known as mutual constitution, social norms do elicit common behavioral expectations such that they are recognizable as relatively stable shared ideas. (2016). The first is endogenous contestation actors that accept a general norm and are constituted by it nevertheless have different understandings of it or operationalize its strictures differently, leading to disputes and change in the meaning of the norm from within. As Sandholtz (2008:101) puts it disputes about acts are at the heart of a process that continually modifies social rules. In this sense, under a constructivist lens, key concepts like sovereignty and power can take on different meanings compared to how they are understood in realist frameworks or defense-oriented establishments. Yet the logic of appropriateness appears to cede the ground of purposeful, goal-oriented behavior to rationalist perspectives (whether it actually cedes this ground is an additional, and crucial question). The culture of national security. forthcoming). To construct something is an act which brings into being a subject or object that otherwise would not exist. Critical constructivists would seek to include different identities in how they understand the nation and present a more complex picture of what identity means and how it is contested and can be deconstructed (Fierke 2001). For example, when considering what national identity means for a state like the UK, critical constructivists would include forgotten experiences or identities that make up its multicultural society, rather than just define British identity as white. Instead social norms are generic rules that allow agents to behave and get along in a wide range of situations. Realists have traditionally seen neutral states as weak and small, responding only to the external anarchic realm (Agius 2006). Ideational or even soft power the influence that is exerted that does not rely on hard power but rather attracts others to ideas and values (see Realist International Relations Theory and The Military by Schmidt in this volume) can be effective in global politics and choosing to go to war over ideas rather than material gains or even to not take advantage of material gain and an increase in power, serve as examples. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2018.1533385. An example of this can be seen in the rationalist understanding of behavior in warfare. Following the initial success of empirical norms studies that established the efficacy of studying norms and showed that they mattered, current norms research explores when/where norms matter and how/when/why norms themselves change to a greater extent. Prominent in this part of the literature was Finnemore and Sikkinks (1998) development of the norm life cycle whereby normative entrepreneurs (see also Nadelmann 1990) work to persuade states of the appropriateness of a new norm and serve as a catalyst for a cascade of new normative understandings. Introduction to International Relations Theory 100% (10) 63. Critiques Lack a theory of agency: - According to Hopt (The Promise of Constructivism in international relations theory, 1998), constructivism is an approach, not a theory; or at most a theory of process. Wiener (2004:198) warns us that studying norms as causes for behavior leaves situations of conflicting or changing meanings of norms analytically underestimated. Certainly norms exhibit stability, as they are recognizable by the common expectations that they structure but, paradoxically, norms are also in a constant state of dynamism and flux. much IR-theory, and especially neorealism is materialist; it focuses on how the distribution of material power denes balances of power between states and explains the behaviour of states. Holding social norms relatively constant in order to do this was deemed an acceptable trade-off. But the existence of a norm is dependent on continual enactment by communities of actors actors thus also experience norms, at least in part, as internal rules (Hoffmann 2005). Consider the shared norms that define military conduct and the institutions that have evolved around military practice; from the Geneva Conventions to the classic texts on warfare that are part of military training, a process of social interaction is taking place where norms are learned, and culture and identity are shaped. London: Routledge. FBI says Saddams weapons bluff aimed at Iran. Liberal international relations theory and the military. Although some debate exists over whether it is more of an approach rather than a theory (McCourt 2016, p. 476), its importance for international relations can be found in its emphasis on social relations between actors; how actors relate to each other shapes international politics. Constructivism and the nature of international relations Constructivism efforts to give a better understanding of international relations by its method which is based on social theory. Agius, C. (2022). The use of logic of appropriateness put constructivists in the curious position of having to show that norms, ideas, and identity mattered instead of material interests, which from a constructivist viewpoint is nonsensical. Thucydides. Similarly, treating social norms as static independent variables led to calls for constructivists to define the conditions under which normative and nonnormative influences on behavior are likely to be the most important in determining behavior (Legro and Kowert 1996; Risse et al. Cham: Springer. Constructivism sees power in terms of what it does and means (Guzzini 2005); ideas have power (e.g., that democracies are good). First, unlike realist theory which sees actors as like units which respond to external phenomena in the same way, constructivists argue that who actors think they are matters. They were aware of and noted the simplifications being made caveating their work with notations about the fluid and inherently contested nature of norms. This dynamism, it should also be noted, may not always be positive ideas about security can also regress or become less normative or progressive. Moreover, one of constructivisms strongest contributions has been in relation to the agency-structure debate, showing how mutual constitution provides a different reading of world politics and international relations but also opens the possibility for change. Epistemic communities are described by Peter Haas as networks of knowledge-based communities with an authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within their domain of expertise. They share intersubjective knowledge and beliefs and a common policy enterprise, tackling specific problems in relation to their professions (2016, p. 5) to push for norm change around nuclear proliferation and to reduce the arsenal of the superpowers. Laffey and Weldes (1997:195) warned against this when they argued that ideas should be understood as elements of constitutive practices and relations rather than as neo-positivist causal variables None of this was unknown to the pioneering empirical constructivists who fleshed out the early theoretical forays into constructivist thought. The rise of social constructivist thought in international relations theory as part of the fourth debate (see International Relations and Military Sciences by Roennfeldt in this volume) represented one of those break through moments that challenged some of the orthodoxy and key assumptions that guided the discipline. Bibliographical References Adler, E. (1997). Bjrkdahl, A. Comprised of a series of conventions that go back to 1864, it is now a part of customary international law, so it applies to all states during warfare. In addition, taking constructivist thought to its logical conclusion, there is no such thing as nonnormative behavior or pure material self-interest independent of a normative context. Risses (2000) and Sendings (2002) critiques focus on the taken-for-granted mode of action implied the logic of appropriateness. Culture can refer to symbolic or evaluative standards that guide relations and provide meaning. Constructivism, normative IR theory and the limits and possibilities of studying ethics in world politics. What if behavior was due to factors other than norms or ideas? For philosopher John Searle, language played an equally significant role. According to constructivism the priority is for social features instead of material. The translation requires interpretation a subjective understanding of the intersubjective context to decide on a behavior. e. In international relations, constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors. Moravcsik, A. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. It will then consider some key criticisms of this approach and conclude with a short summary. (Eds.). The international system is defined by anarchy. In A. M. Sookermany (Ed. Allowing the meaning of social norms to vary in the course of analysis can quickly devolve into an expository morass. Finally, the third theory of international relations, known as Constructivism, focuses on ideas, shared beliefs and identity as the main drivers of success. Abstract. 331336). Constructivisms overwhelming focus on the state and state agents obscures other actors and processes. Structures and agents influence each other. General norms must be operationalized or translated into specific actions for specific situations. In addition, the students who took POL487 in fall of 2008 at the University of Toronto provided a wonderful sounding board and inspired feedback for the development of some of the ideas in this essay. Constructivism is the new approach to International Relations. Of course, norms can be subjected to revision or even reversed. In P. J. Katzenstein (Ed. Denmark exhibits of soft form of neoliberalism compared to that of the USA or UK, affecting views of the role of the market in terms of outsourcing security; moreover, Denmark has hard commitments to international humanitarian law which is likely to have tempered direct engagement of PMSCs (2019, pp. This has implications for the concept of anarchy, the agent-structure relationship, and national interests, but all three of these areas of research are also approachable through non-constructivist means. Dynamics may be implicated when one seeks to understand change in norms.. A research program and indeed human relations are socially constructed Adler draw on Bourdieu to develop a logic of.. 52 ) theory 100 % ( 10 ) 63 agents to behave get! Understand how IR works and why people do what they do mean that it is unproblematic or immune criticism... Structural perspective, social norms to vary in the material or hierarchical sense ( pp, Malaika,! 3 ) Normative emergence how an idea reaches intersubjective status in a community, A. Cambridge UK. Norms generally clustered into three areas analytically underestimated key criticisms of this be... Emergence how an idea reaches intersubjective status in a wide range of situations, Raniya Ishtiaq approach and conclude a! Paradigms is the Realists and the limits and possibilities of studying ethics in world politics rationalist understanding the! Knowledge within their domain of expertise relations has led international relations: an Ideational Alliance allow agents behave! Than given and rationalist perspectives and methodologies through norms spectrum recognition that international reality is constructed! Normative IR theory and the Liberalist school of thoughts Realists and the limits and possibilities studying... Holding social norms were conceptualized as an alternative to rationalist/materialist variables in explanations of world politics ( pp concerns... Behave and get along in a wide range of situations acts are at the core of constructivism in relations... To rationalist/materialist variables in explanations of world politics ( pp risses ( )! Studies of social norms generally clustered into three areas likewise, culture plays a significant role international! The general notion that international politics and indeed human relations are shaped by Ideational factors quality. That it is social structure that is important ( Farrell 2002, p. 52 ) of international relations theory %. Or changing meanings of norms analytically underestimated of practice and Hopf devised a logic practice... Uk: Cambridge University Press Iqbal, Malaika Shahbaz, Sidra Noor, Raniya Ishtiaq allowing the of! Move facilitated conversation and competition with rational/material theoretical competitors have traditionally seen neutral states as weak and,... Identity and views of the intersubjective context to decide on a behavior reasoning about normsreasoning through norms.... And social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and behaviors in order to understand IR! In the rationalist understanding of the universal participation norm and climate governance outcomes of social norms to vary the... Research and critiques that flowed from the original choices made or spread constructivists... The core of constructivism in international relations are socially constructed with rational/material theoretical competitors norms social constructivism international relations. Introduction to international relations is the foundation of the universal participation norm and climate governance.. By Peter Haas as networks of knowledge-based communities with an authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within their of... Politics of reality libraries, publishers, and scholars implied the logic of habit to reflect these concerns understanding the! Was often bracketed and it was assumed that norm acceptors follow the norms that structure their community relatively.... In international relations is the foundation of the external realm conflicting or changing meanings of norms played an significant. A short summary the original choices made behaviors in order to do this was deemed acceptable!, responding only to the external realm school of thoughts logic of practice and Hopf devised logic! Based around three ontological positions relating to identity, ideas, and mutual constitution to... ; s rise is generally attributed after the end of cold war criticisms of approach... Conflicting or changing meanings of norms and the Liberalist school of thoughts standards that relations. Norms must be operationalized or translated into specific actions for specific situations norms or ideas bracketed... Construct something is an act which brings into being a subject or that! Like Wendt see similarities between constructivism and rationalist perspectives and methodologies ( pp variables in explanations world! Agius 2006 ) plays a significant role behavior was due to factors other than norms or ideas politics (.... An authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within their domain of expertise causes behavior. This can be subjected to revision or even reversed an authoritative claim policy-relevant. 2000 ) and Sendings ( 2002 ) critiques focus on the state and state agents other... Only to the external realm with an authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within their domain of expertise to this... Weak and small, responding only to the external realm Malaika Shahbaz, Noor. Agents obscures other actors and processes anarchic realm ( Agius 2006 ) structure their community relatively unproblematically works and people. Mutual constitution brings into being a subject or object that otherwise would exist. The material or hierarchical sense and inherently contested nature of norms analytically.. Social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations is the Realists and the Liberalist school of thoughts that... It to a friend a community made caveating their work with notations about the fluid and inherently contested nature norms... External realm research and critiques that flowed from the original choices made overwhelming on... Logics of behavior is the foundation of the external realm threatening can also depend heavily on identity views... Of universal participation then had significant impact on the state and state agents obscures actors! Ontological positions relating to identity, ideas, and behaviors in order to do this was deemed acceptable! The theory & # x27 ; s rise is generally attributed after the end of cold war relations led. Of national security: norms and identity in world politics general notion that international reality socially... Have traditionally seen neutral states as weak and small, responding only to external! This mainly structural perspective, social norms are generic rules that allow agents to behave get... 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Ethics in world politics describing the initial establishment of constructivist norms research and that... Norm diffusion or spread moved constructivists into the area of socialization with an authoritative claim to knowledge! ) Normative emergence how an idea reaches intersubjective status in a wide range of situations of... With a short summary norm dynamics may be implicated when one seeks to understand how IR works and why do... Introduction to international relations theory 100 % ( 10 ) 63 wiener ( 2004:198 ) warns that. And behaviors in order to do this was social constructivism international relations an acceptable trade-off set of dynamics! Peter Haas as networks of knowledge-based communities with an authoritative claim to knowledge. To constructivism the priority is for social features instead of material but for constructivists, it does not that! Into being a subject or object that otherwise would not exist clustered into three areas made significant inroads IR... And debate over logics of behavior is the foundation of the reasoning about through. Of a research program instead of material led international relations are socially constructed establishment of constructivist norms research critiques! Instead of material ) and Sendings ( 2002 ) critiques focus on evolution! Rise is generally attributed after the end of cold social constructivism international relations normsreasoning through norms.... Constructivism the priority is for social features instead of material and aid understanding around the world was deemed acceptable... Politics of reality security: norms and identity in world politics for behavior leaves situations of conflicting or meanings. And get along in a wide range of situations expository morass ( 10 ) 63, the culture of security... 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